Evidencia
Fuentes
Las 99 fuentes en que se basan nuestros contenidos: revisiones sistemáticas, metaanálisis, grandes estudios y organismos de salud.
Todo lo que publicamos sobre cannabis, en el sitio y en Instagram, sale de tres investigaciones propias sobre salud mental, cognición y salud física, que se apoyan en literatura revisada por pares. Aquí está la bibliografía completa, ordenada por tema. Priorizamos revisiones sistemáticas y metaanálisis; los estudios individuales se usan cuando aportan un diseño experimental o un seguimiento largo.
- Salud mental, trastorno por consumo y abstinencia (31)
- Memoria, motivación, creatividad y sueño (36)
- Salud física, seguridad, embarazo y uso medicinal (24)
- Organismos oficiales y tests (8)
Salud mental, trastorno por consumo y abstinencia
Bahji, A., Stephenson, C., Tyo, R., Hawken, E. R., & Seitz, D. P. (2020). Prevalence of cannabis withdrawal symptoms among people with regular or dependent use of cannabinoids: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Network Open, 3(4), e202370. PMID: 32271390. DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.2370.
Ver en PubMedConnor, J. P., Stjepanović, D., Le Foll, B., Hoch, E., Budney, A. J., & Hall, W. D. (2021). Cannabis use and cannabis use disorder. Nature Reviews Disease Primers, 7(1), 16. PMID: 33627670. DOI: 10.1038/s41572-021-00247-4.
Ver en PubMedConnor, J. P., Stjepanović, D., Budney, A. J., Le Foll, B., & Hall, W. D. (2022). Clinical management of cannabis withdrawal. Addiction, 117(7), 2075–2095. PMID: 34791767. DOI: 10.1111/add.15743.
Ver en PubMedDi Forti, M., Quattrone, D., Freeman, T. P., Tripoli, G., Gayer-Anderson, C., Quigley, H., et al. (2019). The contribution of cannabis use to variation in the incidence of psychotic disorder across Europe: The EU-GEI multicentre case-control study. The Lancet Psychiatry, 6(5), 427–436. PMID: 30902669. DOI: 10.1016/S2215-0366(19)30048-3.
Ver en PubMedEnglund, A., Oliver, D., Chesney, E., Chester, L., Wilson, J., Sovi, S., De Micheli, A., Hodsoll, J., Fusar-Poli, P., Strang, J., Murray, R. M., Freeman, T. P., & McGuire, P. (2023). Does cannabidiol make cannabis safer? A randomised, double-blind, cross-over trial of cannabis with four different CBD:THC ratios. Neuropsychopharmacology, 48(6), 869–876. PMID: 36380220. DOI: 10.1038/s41386-022-01478-z.
Ver en PubMedFontanella, C. A., Steelesmith, D. L., Brock, G., Bridge, J. A., Campo, J. V., & Fristad, M. A. (2021). Association of cannabis use with self-harm and mortality risk among youths with mood disorders. JAMA Pediatrics. DOI: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2020.5494.
Ver fuenteFreeman, D., Dunn, G., Murray, R. M., Evans, N., Lister, R., Antley, A., et al. (2015). How cannabis causes paranoia: Using the intravenous administration of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) to identify key cognitive mechanisms leading to paranoia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 41(2), 391–399. PMID: 25031222. DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbu098.
Ver en PubMedGobbi, G., Atkin, T., Zytynski, T., Wang, S., Askari, S., Boruff, J., et al. (2019). Association of cannabis use in adolescence and risk of depression, anxiety, and suicidality in young adulthood: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Psychiatry, 76(4), 426–434. PMID: 30758486. DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2018.4500.
Ver en PubMedHall, W., Yimer, T. M., Thorne, R. L., Hoch, E., Burke, C., Gridley, A., Hurd, Y. L., Wilson, J., Leung, J., & Freeman, T. P. (2026). Relationships between cannabis use and mental disorders: Assessing the coherence of evidence from studies with different methodologies. The Lancet Psychiatry, 13(7), 604–614. PMID: 42309106. DOI: 10.1016/S2215-0366(26)00086-6.
Ver en PubMedHirvonen, J., Goodwin, R. S., Li, C.-T., Terry, G. E., Zoghbi, S. S., Morse, C., et al. (2012). Reversible and regionally selective downregulation of brain cannabinoid CB1 receptors in chronic daily cannabis smokers. Molecular Psychiatry, 17(6), 642–649. PMID: 21747398. DOI: 10.1038/mp.2011.82.
Ver en PubMedLeung, J., Chan, G. C. K., Hides, L., & Hall, W. D. (2020). What is the prevalence and risk of cannabis use disorders among people who use cannabis? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Addictive Behaviors, 109, 106479. PMID: 32485547. DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106479.
Ver en PubMedLowe, D. J. E., Sorkhou, M., & George, T. P. (2024). Cannabis use in adolescents and anxiety symptoms and disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 50(2), 150–161. PMID: 38285048. DOI: 10.1080/00952990.2023.2299922.
Ver en PubMedMarconi, A., Di Forti, M., Lewis, C. M., Murray, R. M., & Vassos, E. (2016). Meta-analysis of the association between the level of cannabis use and risk of psychosis. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 42(5), 1262–1269. PMID: 26884547.
Ver en PubMedPetrilli, K., Ofori, S., Hines, L., Taylor, G., Adams, S., & Freeman, T. P. (2022). Association of cannabis potency with mental ill health and addiction: A systematic review. PMID: 35901795.
Ver en PubMedPoyatos-Pedrosa, C., et al. (2024). Cannabis and anhedonia: A systematic review. Psychiatry Research, 339, 116041. PMID: 38959579. DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2024.116041.
Ver en PubMedSchoeler, T., Monk, A., Sami, M. B., Klamerus, E., Foglia, E., Brown, R., et al. (2016). Continued versus discontinued cannabis use in patients with psychosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet Psychiatry, 3(3), 215–225. PMID: 26777297. DOI: 10.1016/S2215-0366(15)00363-6.
Ver en PubMedSchoeler, T., Petros, N., Di Forti, M., Klamerus, E., Foglia, E., Ajnakina, O., et al. (2016). Effects of continuation, frequency, and type of cannabis use on relapse in the first 2 years after onset of psychosis: An observational study. The Lancet Psychiatry, 3(10), 947–953. DOI: 10.1016/S2215-0366(16)30188-2.
Ver en PubMedSchuster, R. M., Gilman, J., Schoenfeld, D., Evenden, J., Hareli, M., Ulysse, C., Nip, E., Hanly, A., Zhang, H., & Evins, A. E. (2018). One month of cannabis abstinence in adolescents and young adults is associated with improved memory. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 79(6), 17m11977. PMID: 30408351. DOI: 10.4088/JCP.17m11977.
Ver en PubMedScott, J. C., Slomiak, S. T., Jones, J. D., Rosen, A. F. G., Moore, T. M., & Gur, R. C. (2018). Association of cannabis with cognitive functioning in adolescents and young adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Psychiatry, 75(6), 585–595. DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2018.0335.
Ver fuenteSolmi, M., et al. (2023). Balancing risks and benefits of cannabis use: Umbrella review of meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials and observational studies. BMJ, 382, e072348. PMID: 37648266. DOI: 10.1136/bmj-2022-072348.
Ver en PubMedSorkhou, M., Bedder, R. H. S., & George, T. P. (2024). Cannabis use and mood disorders: A systematic review. Frontiers in Public Health, 12, 1346207. PMID: 38655516. DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1346207.
Ver en PubMedStarzer, M. S. K., Nordentoft, M., & Hjorthøj, C. (2018). Rates and predictors of conversion to schizophrenia or bipolar disorder following substance-induced psychosis. American Journal of Psychiatry. PMID: 29179576.
Ver en PubMedTourjman, S. V., et al. (2023). A systematic review and recommendations of cannabis use in bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. PMID: 35711159.
Ver en PubMedXue, S., Husain, M. I., Zhao, H., & Ravindran, A. V. (2021). Cannabis use and prospective long-term association with anxiety: A systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 66(2), 126–138. PMID: 32909828. DOI: 10.1177/0706743720952251.
Ver en PubMedYoung-Wolff, K. C., Cortez, C. A., Alexeeff, S. E., Silver, L. D., Pacula, R. L., Slama, N. E., et al. (2026). Adolescent cannabis use and risk of psychotic, bipolar, depressive, and anxiety disorders. JAMA Health Forum, 7(2), e256839. PMID: 41719031. DOI: 10.1001/jamahealthforum.2025.6839.
Ver en PubMedWilson, J., et al. (2026). The efficacy and safety of cannabinoids for the treatment of mental disorders and substance use disorders: Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. The Lancet Psychiatry, 13(4), 304–315. PMID: 41856154. DOI: 10.1016/S2215-0366(26)00015-5.
Ver en PubMedWilson, J., et al. (2026). Correction to the above systematic review. The Lancet Psychiatry. PMID: 42302809. DOI: 10.1016/S2215-0366(26)00176-8.
Ver en PubMedNational Institute on Drug Abuse. (2024). Cannabis (Marijuana) DrugFacts / cannabis information pages. NIH/NIDA.
Ver fuenteSubstance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2024). National Survey on Drug Use and Health: methodological definitions and substance use disorder measures. SAMHSA.
Ver fuenteEuropean Union Drugs Agency. (2026). European Drug Report 2026: Cannabis. EUDA.
Ver fuenteWorld Health Organization. (2025). Schizophrenia. WHO, actualización de 6 de octubre de 2025; incluye el consumo intenso de cannabis entre factores asociados a mayor riesgo en un marco gene-ambiente.
Ver fuente
Memoria, motivación, creatividad y sueño
Althoff, M. D., Kinney, G. L., Aloia, M. S., Sempio, C., Klawitter, J., & Bowler, R. P. (2024). The impact of cannabis use proximal to sleep and cannabinoid metabolites on sleep architecture. Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine, 20(10), 1615–1625. doi: 10.5664/jcsm.11212.
Ver en PubMedAminiLari, M., Wang, L., Neumark, S., et al. (2022). Medical cannabis and cannabinoids for impaired sleep: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Sleep, 45, zsab234. doi: 10.1093/sleep/zsab234.
Ver en PubMedBloomfield, M. A. P., Ashok, A. H., Volkow, N. D., & Howes, O. D. (2016). The effects of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol on the dopamine system. Nature, Molecular Psychiatry-related review literature. [Artículo de revisión indexado y disponible en PubMed Central].
Ver en PubMed CentralBurke, C. O., et al. (2024). Residual and enduring effects of cannabis use on cognitive function: A systematic review. [Artículo revisado por pares; publicación electrónica 2024].
Ver en PubMed CentralChan, O., et al. (2024). Cannabis use during adolescence and young adulthood and academic achievement: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Pediatrics. PMID: 39374005.
Ver en PubMedConnor, J. P., Stjepanović, D., Le Foll, B., Hoch, E., Budney, A. J., & Hall, W. D. (2022). Clinical management of cannabis withdrawal. Addiction. PMID: 34791767.
Ver en PubMedEnglund, A., et al. (2023). Does cannabidiol make cannabis safer? A randomised, double-blind, cross-over trial of cannabis with four different CBD:THC ratios. Neuropsychopharmacology.
Ver fuenteFigueiredo, P. R., et al. (2020). Neurocognitive consequences of chronic cannabis use: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 108, 358–369. PMID: 31715191. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.10.014.
Ver en PubMedGates, P., Albertella, L., & Copeland, J. (2016). Cannabis withdrawal and sleep: A systematic review of human studies. Substance Abuse. PMID: 25893849.
Ver en PubMedGowin, J. L., Ellingson, J. M., Karoly, H. C., Manza, P., Ross, J. M., Sloan, M. E., Tanabe, J. L., & Volkow, N. D. (2025). Brain function outcomes of recent and lifetime cannabis use. JAMA Network Open, 8(1), e2457069. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.57069.
Ver fuenteGowin, J. L., et al. (2026). Effects of legal-market cannabis and alcohol on verbal learning and memory. Psychopharmacology. PMID: 40996525.
Ver en PubMedHeng, Y. T., Barnes, C. M., & Yam, K. C. (2023). Cannabis use does not increase actual creativity but biases evaluations of creativity. Journal of Applied Psychology, 108(4), 635–646. PMID: 35901408. doi: 10.1037/apl0000599.
Ver en PubMedHindley, G., et al. (2020). Psychiatric symptoms caused by cannabis constituents: A systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet Psychiatry. PMID: 32197092.
Ver en PubMedHoch, E., Volkow, N. D., Friemel, C. M., Lorenzetti, V., Freeman, T. P., & Hall, W. (2025). Cannabis, cannabinoids and health: A review of evidence on risks and medical benefits. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 275(2), 281–292. doi: 10.1007/s00406-024-01880-2. PMID: 39299947.
Ver en PubMedKowal, M. A., Hazekamp, A., Colzato, L. S., van Steenbergen, H., & Hommel, B. (2015). Cannabis and creativity: Highly potent cannabis impairs divergent thinking in regular cannabis users. Psychopharmacology. doi: 10.1007/s00213-014-3749-1.
Ver en PubMedLawn, W., et al. (2023). The acute effects of cannabis with and without cannabidiol in adults and adolescents: Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover experiment. [Artículo revisado por pares].
Ver en PubMedMao, F., Hoepel, S. J. W., Shahisavandi, M., Luik, A. I., & El Marroun, H. (2025). Recreational cannabis use and sleep in the general population: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 84, 102189. doi: 10.1016/j.smrv.2025.102189. PMID: 41187699.
Ver en PubMedMcCartney, D., Arkell, T. R., Irwin, C., & McGregor, I. S. (2021). Determining the magnitude and duration of acute Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC)-induced driving and cognitive impairment: A systematic and meta-analytic review. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 126, 175–193. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.01.003. PMID: 33497784.
Ver en PubMedMcCartney, D., et al. (2023). The “next day” effects of cannabis use: A systematic review. Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research. doi: 10.1089/can.2022.0185. PMID: 36475998.
Ver en PubMedPacheco-Colón, I., Limia, J. M., & Gonzalez, R. (2018). Non-acute effects of cannabis use on motivation and reward sensitivity in humans: A systematic review. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 32, 497–507.
Ver en PubMed CentralPilon, F., Dumais, A., Giguère, C.-É., & Potvin, S. (2025). The effects of cannabis use disorder on cognitive functions: A meta-analysis. Addictive Behaviors. PMID: 40675034.
Ver en PubMedRoss, J. M., et al. (2020). Investigating the causal effect of cannabis use on cognitive function with a quasi-experimental co-twin design. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 206, 107712. PMID: 31753729.
Ver en PubMedSchreiner, A. M., & Dunn, M. E. (2012). Residual effects of cannabis use on neurocognitive performance after prolonged abstinence: A meta-analysis. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 20, 420–429. doi: 10.1037/a0029117.
Ver fuenteScott, J. C., Slomiak, S. T., Jones, J. D., Rosen, A. F. G., Moore, T. M., & Gur, R. C. (2018). Association of cannabis with cognitive functioning in adolescents and young adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Psychiatry, 75(6), 585–595. doi: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2018.0335. PMID: 29710074.
Ver en PubMedSkumlien, M., et al. (2022). Anhedonia, apathy, pleasure, and effort-based decision-making in adult and adolescent cannabis users and controls. [CannTeen study; artículo revisado por pares].
Ver en PubMed CentralSkumlien, M., Langley, C., & Sahakian, B. J. (2024). Is cannabis use associated with motivation? A review of recent acute and non-acute studies. Current Behavioral Neuroscience Reports, 11, 33–43. doi: 10.1007/s40473-023-00268-1.
Ver fuenteStella, N. (2023). THC and CBD: Similarities and differences between siblings. [Revisión farmacológica revisada por pares, PubMed Central].
Ver en PubMed CentralSuraev, A., et al. (2020). Cannabinoid therapies in the management of sleep disorders: A systematic review of preclinical and clinical studies. [Revisión sistemática].
Ver fuenteSuraev, A., et al. (2025/2026). Acute effects of oral cannabinoids on sleep and high-density EEG in insomnia: A pilot randomised controlled trial. Journal of Sleep Research, 35(1), e70124. doi: 10.1111/jsr.70124.
Ver en PubMed CentralVelzeboer, R., Malas, A., Wei, S., Berger, R., Parmar, V., & Lai, W. W. K. (2025). Cannabis and sleep architecture: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 84, 102164. PMID: 40967124. doi: 10.1016/j.smrv.2025.102164.
Ver en PubMedVelzeboer, R., Wei, S., & Lai, W. W. K. (2025). Chronic cannabis use and sleep architecture: A cross-sectional analysis of polysomnography outcomes in a sleep-clinic cohort. Sleep. doi: 10.1093/sleep/zsaf396.
Ver fuenteXu, H., et al. (2023). Molecular brain differences and cannabis involvement: A systematic review of positron emission tomography studies. [Revisión sistemática PET].
Ver fuenteCenters for Disease Control and Prevention. (2026, versión consultada). Cannabis and public health: About cannabis.
Ver fuenteEuropean Union Drugs Agency. (2025–2026, versiones consultadas). Cannabis: European drug market / drug profile / production and retail developments.
Ver fuenteHealth Canada. (2025–2026). Health effects of cannabis; cannabis product composition and labelling guidance.
Ver fuenteNational Center for Complementary and Integrative Health. (2023). When taken orally, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol with cannabidiol can result in stronger drug effects than Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol alone.
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Salud física, seguridad, embarazo y uso medicinal
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. (2025). Cannabis use during pregnancy and lactation: ACOG Clinical Consensus No. 10. Obstetrics & Gynecology. DOI: 10.1097/AOG.0000000000006053.
Ver fuenteAmerican Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine. (2023). ASRA Pain Medicine consensus guidelines on the management of the perioperative patient on cannabis and cannabinoids. Regional Anesthesia & Pain Medicine.
Ver fuenteAmerican Society for Reproductive Medicine. (2023). Tobacco or marijuana use and infertility: A committee opinion. Fertility and Sterility.
Ver fuenteCamilleri, M. (2023). Cannabinoids and the gastrointestinal tract. Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology.
Ver en PubMed CentralCenters for Disease Control and Prevention. (2024). Cannabis and poisoning. Organismo oficial; sin DOI.
Ver fuenteCenters for Disease Control and Prevention. (2024). Cannabis and heart health. Organismo oficial; sin DOI.
Ver fuenteEuropean Union Drugs Agency. (2025). European Drug Report: New psychoactive substances and new cannabinoids. Organismo oficial; sin DOI.
Ver fuenteEuropean Union Drugs Agency. (2026). New psychoactive substances: Market developments and semisynthetic cannabinoids. Organismo oficial; sin DOI.
Ver fuenteFood and Drug Administration. (2024–2026). FDA regulation of cannabis and cannabis-derived products, including cannabidiol. Organismo oficial; sin DOI.
Ver fuenteGroening, J. M., et al. (2024). An umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses on the health effects of cannabis use. Revisión paraguas. PMID: 38096722.
Ver en PubMedHealth Canada. (2024). Cannabis poisonings in children. Organismo oficial; sin DOI.
Ver fuenteHoch, E., et al. (2025). Cannabis, cannabinoids and health: A review of evidence on risks and medical benefits. PMID: 39299947.
Ver en PubMedJeffers, A. M., et al. (2024). Association of cannabis use with cardiovascular outcomes among US adults. Journal of the American Heart Association. DOI: 10.1161/JAHA.123.030178. PMID: 38415581.
Ver en PubMedLo, J. O., et al. (2024). Cannabis use in pregnancy and neonatal outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research. DOI: 10.1089/can.2022.0262. PMID: 36730710.
Ver en PubMedLo, J. O., et al. (2025). Prenatal cannabis use and neonatal outcomes: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Pediatrics. PMID: 40323610.
Ver en PubMedPage, R. L., et al. (2020). Medical marijuana, recreational cannabis, and cardiovascular health: A scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation.
Ver fuenteSimmons, S. M., et al. (2022). The effects of cannabis and alcohol on driving performance and driver behaviour: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Addiction. DOI: 10.1111/add.15770. PMID: 35083810.
Ver en PubMedSolmi, M., et al. (2023). Balancing risks and benefits of cannabis use: Umbrella review of meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials and observational studies. PMID: 37648266.
Ver en PubMedSorensen, C. J., DeSanto, K., Borgelt, L., Phillips, K. T., & Monte, A. A. (2017). Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome: Diagnosis, pathophysiology, and treatment—A systematic review. Journal of Medical Toxicology, 13, 71–87. PMID: 28000146.
Ver en PubMedStorck, W., et al. (2025). Cardiovascular risk associated with the use of cannabis and cannabinoids: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Heart. PMID: 40527600.
Ver en PubMedSwartz, J. A., & Franceschini, D. (2025). Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome, 2016 to 2022. JAMA Network Open, 8(11), e2545310. DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2025.45310.
Ver fuenteWang, L., Hong, P. J., May, C., et al. (2021). Medical cannabis or cannabinoids for chronic non-cancer and cancer-related pain: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised clinical trials. BMJ, 374, n1034. DOI: 10.1136/bmj.n1034. PMID: 34497047.
Ver en PubMedWymore, E. M., et al. (2021). Persistence of Δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol in human breast milk. JAMA Pediatrics.
Ver fuenteYoung-Wolff, K. C., et al. (2024). Prenatal cannabis use and maternal pregnancy outcomes. JAMA Internal Medicine.
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Organismos oficiales y tests
NIDA, Cannabis (Marijuana).
Ver fuenteCDC, Health Effects of Cannabis.
Ver fuenteSENDA, Cannabis.
Ver fuenteSENDA, sitio institucional.
Ver fuenteMinsal, Salud Responde.
Ver fuenteOMS, ASSIST.
Ver fuenteCAST, propiedades psicométricas.
Ver en PubMedCUDIT-R, artículo original.
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